What does the forestry and woodworking industry produce? Woodworking industry. Forest resources of Russia and their significance

The current state and prospects for the development of forestry, timber, woodworking and pulp and paper industries

The Republic of Belarus has a developed forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industry. The structure of the timber industry complex is represented by the following industries: logging (13.5% of total output), wood processing (69.5%), pulp and paper (16.4%) and wood chemical industry (0.6%). It creates 3.8% of the value of manufactured industrial products and employs 11.6% of the total number of industrial production personnel in the country (2007). The industry is managed by the Ministry of Forestry.

The logging industry produces approximately 13.5% of the gross output of the timber industry. More than 7.5 million m3 of wood is harvested in the republic annually. The main timber harvesting areas are located in Vitebsk, Gomel, Minsk and Brest regions.

The total area of ​​the forest fund of the Republic of Belarus is 9.4 million hectares, 8.04 million hectares of which are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Forestry.

As a result of a targeted policy of reforestation and afforestation, the area of ​​forested land increases, the formational structure and species diversity of forests is preserved, and their sustainability and productivity increases.

Over the past 20 years, the forest fund of Belarus has undergone significant quantitative and qualitative changes for the better. They are caused both by the economic activities of forestry organizations and by the natural processes of forest growth.

Due to the creation of new forests on unproductive agricultural lands, the total area of ​​the republic's forest fund during this period increased by 1 million 350 thousand hectares.

Simultaneously with the increase in the total area of ​​the forest fund, thanks to the targeted activities of foresters, there is a qualitative improvement in the condition of the forest fund of the republic. The area of ​​forested land increased by 927 thousand hectares. The forest cover of the republic's territory increased from 33.9% to 38.3%.

In addition, in the Republic of Belarus there is a steady increase in the areas of ripening, mature and overmature plantings. Over a twenty-year period, the area of ​​mature forest stands has more than doubled.

As a result of planned regulation of forest cutting volumes, primarily final felling, the total stock of plantings increased 1.6 times and, as of January 1, 2010, already exceeded 1.5 billion cubic meters. m, and reserves of mature wood amounted to 188 million cubic meters. m.

As a result of economic activity and natural growth of forests, forest productivity has significantly increased: the average stock of plantings per 1 hectare of forested land during this period increased from 135 to 193 cubic meters. m, including mature and overmature stands - from 216 to 242.8 cubic meters. m. The average age of plantings increased by 12 years and reached 51 years.

The area of ​​specially protected natural areas and specially protected areas is almost 2.3 million hectares or 24.2% of the total forest area.

Enterprises in the industry are engaged in primary processing and removal of timber. The main types of products of timber industry enterprises are lumber, particle boards and fiberboards, plywood and furniture.

Starting from 2008, it is planned to sell standing timber through exchange trading. The exchange trading mechanism will make it possible to balance the price of such raw materials for consumers based on supply and demand.

The efficiency of forest resource development depends on the transport accessibility of the logging fund and the availability of forestry roads.

The main indicator of meeting transport needs in forestry is the density of the road network, expressed by the linear length of roads per 100 hectares of forest area.

In 2006, the Program for the transport development of the forest fund and the construction of forestry roads in the forests of the Republic of Belarus for the period until 2010 was approved.

In accordance with the instructions of the President of the Republic of Belarus, the Ministry of Industry, together with the Ministry of Forestry and the Bellesbumprom concern, developed a “Program for the production of logging and forestry machinery and equipment for 2006 - 2010”.

In accordance with the Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus dated January 12, 2007. No. 22 "On approval of the Program for the production of forestry and logging equipment for 2006 - 2010" and Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus dated December 29, 2006 No. 1760 "On approval of the Forestry Development Program of the Republic of Belarus for 2007 - 2011" provides for an increase in the current level technical equipment of the industry, the introduction of modern methods of thinning and final felling in forests based on advanced technologies that will make it possible to comprehensively mechanize logging operations by maximizing the replacement of manual labor with machines.

Exports of forest products and services in 2006 were carried out to 25 countries of the world, of which 13.6% accounted for the CIS countries (mainly to Russia - 13.5%) and 86.4% - to non-CIS countries (of which Poland accounted for - 29%, Latvia - 18.8%, Germany - 10.6%) of the export volume according to the Ministry of Forestry. Based on the results of work in January-August 2010, organizations of the Ministry of Forestry exported forest products and provided services in the amount of 65.5 million US dollars. The export growth rate compared to the same period last year was 264.5%.

The woodworking industry is divided into sawmills, the production of standard houses and building parts made of wood, plywood, furniture, and the production of matches. Its share in the structure of the complex is 65%. The woodworking industry is engaged in the processing and processing of wood, mainly specializing in the production of sawmill materials, furniture, fiberboard (fibreboard) and particleboard (chipboard), matches, door and window blocks, parquet, plywood, sports equipment, etc.

The furniture industry accounts for almost 70% of the industry. There are 11 furniture production associations in Belarus. The largest ones - "Bobruiskdrev", "Minskmebel", "Gomeldrev", "Vitebskdrev", "Mostovdrev", "Pinskdrev" - produce furniture of various designs. In the structure of export goods of the industry, the share of the furniture industry today is about 45 - 50%. Belarus also has a large plywood industry, which began to develop at the beginning of the 20th century.

An important part of the timber industry is plywood production. Currently in Belarus there are six plywood production facilities with a total capacity of 183.5 thousand m3 of plywood per year. They are part of woodworking associations and enterprises in Borisov, Mostov, Pinsk, Rechitsa, Gomel and Bobruisk.

The production of particleboard and fiberboard (chipboard and fibreboard) is concentrated at enterprises located in Bobruisk, Vitebsk, Borisov, Pinsk, Mosty, Rechitsa, Ivatsevichi. About 55% of chipboard and 26% of fiberboard are used in the domestic market, the rest is exported (to Russia, Germany, Poland, Lithuania, etc.).

The production of matches is carried out at three enterprises: PA "Borisovdrev", PA "Gomeldrev" and PA "Pinskdrev".

The Republic of Belarus has a developed packaging production. Up to 100 thousand m3 of box sets are produced annually, of which up to 60% are produced by forestry enterprises.

The pulp and paper industry produces approximately 20% of the gross output of the timber industry. There are 12 specialized enterprises in the Republic of Belarus that produce mass and special types of paper and cardboard. The leading industry enterprises in the Republic of Belarus include: Svetlogorsk Pulp and Cardboard Mill OJSC, Belarusian Wallpaper OJSC, Gomeloboi OJSC, Dobrush Paper Mill Hero of Labor OJSC, Slonim Cardboard and Paper Plant Albertin OJSC, OJSC "Paper Mill "Krasnaya Zvezda", Unitary Enterprise "Paper Mill" of Goznak of the Republic of Belarus, OJSC "Paper Mill "Spartak", OJSC "Molodechno Cardboard Factory "Raevka", OJSC "Cardboard Factory "Olkhovka", OJSC "Krovlya" and others.

Taking into account the fact that in the republic the imbalance in the production of paper and cardboard is 5:1, it is planned to build the second stage of the association with specialization in the production of bleached cellulose. Thinning wood, wood processing waste and deciduous wood can be used as raw materials.

Paper and cardboard are produced in small factories in Dobrush, Shklov, Chashniki, Slonim, Pukhovichi, Borisov and other cities and towns. Expanding the production of paper and cardboard at domestic enterprises will make it possible in the future to reduce import volumes. For this purpose, technical re-equipment of the industry is being carried out.

The timber chemical industry produces about 1% of the gross output of the timber industry. It is based on chemical processing of wood. This includes: dry distillation of wood, charcoaling and various types of rosin and turpentine production.

It is represented by the open joint-stock company Lesokhimik, a manufacturer of turpentine and rosin.

There are two hydrolysis plants in the republic in Bobruisk and Rechitsa, which produce feed yeast, ethyl alcohol, furfural and tanning extract from wood raw materials.

There are 12 resin factories in Belarus that are focused on the production of charcoal.

Further development of the forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries in the Republic of Belarus will be carried out in accordance with the Government-approved Program for the Rational and Integrated Use of Wood Resources for 2002 - 2010.

Literature

1. http://www.mlh.by/ru/forestry/resources.html

2. Ecology and life. - 2010. No. 1. P.72

3. Economics. Finance. Control. - 2010. No. 4. P.34

4. Bektobekov, G.V. Improving the technogenic risk management system at furniture and woodworking enterprises / G.V. Bektobekov, N.E. Garnagina, A.S.Verbitsky // Woodworking industry.- 2010.-No.3.-P.25-26

5. Gubanau, Ya. Instead of problems - a solution / Yagen Gubanau // Belarus.Belarus. - 2010.- No. 7. - P. 26

When starting to consider the forestry and wood processing industry, we must first of all remember everything that we already know about the forest resources of the world - about the total wood reserves, indicators of forest cover in countries, the northern and southern forest belts of the Earth, etc. It is these resources that serve as the natural basis to form a whole complex of forestry and woodworking industries. The composition of this complex is quite complex and includes several successive production and technological stages. Firstly, this is the harvesting (removal) of wood. Secondly, this is its mechanical processing into lumber, plywood, chipboard (chipboard) and fibreboard (fibreboard), etc. Thirdly, this is its chemical (and chemical-mechanical) processing, including the production of cellulose, and then paper and cardboard. We will consider all these three stages further.
Almost all countries of the world carry out timber harvesting to one degree or another, so its total volume is gradually increasing and in 2005 already exceeded 3.4 billion cubic meters (Fig. 58). But, as usual, we are primarily interested in the leading countries, which you can get acquainted with in the table. thirty.
Table 30
Top five countries by timber harvesting volume, 2005

years
Rice. 58. World timber harvesting

It turns out that only the five leading countries account for 45.6% of all timber harvested in the world. As for the set of these countries itself, in general it is quite expected, since it more or less corresponds to the ranking of countries in terms of the size of forest area. Some exception is only Russia, which, as you already know, ranks first in the world in terms of forest (and forest-covered) area, but nevertheless remained “overboard” in Table 30. In terms of timber harvesting, it ranks sixth in the world ( 105 million cubic meters).Of course, this is also a very high figure, but still it is 4.4 times lower than the US indicator and 3.1 times lower than the Indian indicator.
You have probably already noticed that in the table. 30 presents countries belonging to both the northern and southern forest belts of the Earth. But the data in this table do not yet provide a complete picture of the relationship between these two belts in global timber harvesting. The fact is that in the last two or three decades the share of the southern belt has been increasing all the time. Quite large logging countries included India, China, Indonesia, Myanmar, Vietnam, Pakistan, Thailand - in foreign Asia; Ethiopia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, South Africa, Tanzania - in Africa; Mexi-

Textile industry of the world in Chile - in Latin America. As for the main logging countries in the northern belt, this group has remained virtually unchanged. It still includes the USA, Canada, Russia, Sweden, Finland, and Germany.
But this is only the most general view of timber harvesting. The fact is that it is usually divided into industrial wood, which goes into further mechanical and chemical processing, and firewood, which is used as fuel. The ratio between them is approximately 50:50. But it is precisely in this matter that there is a large qualitative difference between the countries of the two forest belts. In the countries of the northern forest belt, industrial timber harvesting sharply predominates, and in most countries of the southern belt, wood harvesting predominates.
To prove this thesis, we will give several examples. Thus, in Canada, the share of firewood in logging is only 1.5%, in Sweden, Finland and Germany - 8-9%, in the USA - 10%, in Russia - 22%. In the countries of the southern forest belt, this indicator looks completely different. For example, in Brazil the share of firewood is 58%, in China - 67%, in Indonesia and Thailand - 71%. Moreover, in Nigeria and Myanmar it rises to 88%, in Pakistan to 90%, in Uganda to 92%, in India to 94%, in the DRC to 96%, and in Ethiopia to 97%. The indicators of the last two countries are generally typical for most countries in sub-Saharan Africa.
Mechanical wood processing is most often judged by the production of sawn timber, which has already reached a level of 410 million cubic meters worldwide. The leading countries in this case include the USA (110 million cubic meters), Canada (65), China, Japan, Russia (22), Brazil, India, Germany, Sweden. Basically, these same countries stand out for the production of plywood and chipboard.
Now let's turn to the chemical (chemical-mechanical) processing of wood, which is needed for the production of pulp, paper and cardboard. Pulp is produced mainly in the countries of the northern forest belt, where coniferous wood predominates, and half of all world production comes from just two countries - the USA and Canada. However, the top ten pulp-producing countries already include China and Brazil. Even more important for us is data on paper products, 30% of which is writing and printing paper, 13 - newspaper and 57% other

Topic 3. Geography of sectors of the world economy. Industry of the world (lectures 39-50)
varieties of paper and cardboard used for packaging, technical, sanitary needs, etc. Note that global production of paper and cardboard increased from 130 million tons in 1970 to 360 million tons in 2005, and approximately 1/2 of it is obtained from waste paper. (According to forecasts, by 2015 this production should increase to 440 million tons.) And you can get acquainted with the main manufacturers of paper products in the table. 31.
Table 31
Top five countries in the world by paper and cardboard production, 2005

In addition to them, the top ten countries in the world also include Finland, Sweden, the Republic of Korea, France and Italy. As for Russia, its positions look greatly weakened. In 2006, the country produced 7.5 million tons of paper and cardboard (2% of the world), being approximately at the level of Indonesia. If we compare large regions of the world, the leap made by the countries of foreign Asia is striking. Back in 1980, this region provided less than 4% of global paper and cardboard production, but now (with 30%) it has taken second place, ahead of foreign Europe and second only to North America.
In the literature, along with data on paper production, you will find information on its consumption. In the context of the globalization of the world economy, they are probably even more indicative. In addition, they to some extent reflect not only the level of economic development, but also the level of civilization. This is especially clearly demonstrated by the data not so much on the total, but on the per capita consumption of paper and cardboard (Fig. 59). Its analysis shows that the deepest differences between the countries of the North and the South still remain. Thus, a resident of the United States consumes 7.4 times more paper than a resident of China and almost 45 times more than a resident of India.

Rice. 59. Consumption of paper and cardboard per capita,
2005

In conclusion, we note that forestry and wood processing products occupy an important place in world trade. Among the countries located in the northern forest belt, forest paper products are an important export item for Canada, Sweden, Finland, Russia, as well as for the United States, which ranks first in exports of rough wood and lumber, but is also the largest importer of round wood. paper and plywood. Within the southern forest belt, Brazil, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Indonesia specialize in exporting forest products. You can see how the main “forest bridges” pass in Fig. 60.
As a large-scale example of a country where the forestry and wood processing industry is an industry of international specialization, it is best to cite Canada.

Textile industry of the world The main natural prerequisite for the development of this industry in Canada is its vast forest resources. The belt of coniferous forests stretches here for several thousand kilometers from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean and covers an area of ​​450 million hectares; Its timber reserves reach 22 billion cubic meters. m. Although these figures are very impressive in themselves, the specific indicators for sparsely populated Canada look even more convincing: both in terms of forest area (10 hectares) and timber reserves (more than 700 cubic meters) per capita it ranks first place in the world. On this basis, Canada has created a powerful forestry and woodworking industry, which employs more than 800 thousand people. Canada ranks second in the world in industrial timber production after the United States, and in terms of per capita (6.2 cubic meters) it ranks first. Today we already talked about the fact that Canada is one of the top five countries in the production of lumber, pulp, paper and cardboard, and on a per capita basis it ranks first in the world for both lumber and pulp, and is second in paper only Finland and Sweden. We especially note that Canada accounts for 1/4 of the world's total production of newsprint, which also serves as an important export item. In the USA, many newspapers are printed on Canadian paper, and they often have up to 100 pages.
For Russia, the forestry and wood processing industry also serves as one of the branches of its international specialization. For a long time, Russia, which has the world's largest timber resource base, was one of the main producers and suppliers of various timber and paper products. However, in the 90s, this industry experienced a strong decline: in 2000, compared to 1988, timber harvesting decreased by almost 4 times, lumber production - by 4.3 times, cellulose - by 2.6, paper - by 2 ,4 times. As a result, Russia's rating has noticeably decreased: according to some indicators, it has dropped out not only from the top five, but from the top ten countries. The main problems of the domestic timber and paper industry today include: 1) the discrepancy between wood processing and the capabilities of the timber resource base; 2) territorial disproportion between the areas of main forest resources (Siberia, Far East) and the main areas of consumption of wood products; 3) export of round timber, not wood products.
Now let's move on to consider the textile industry - as the main branch of light industry, which provides approximately half of its products, and also ranks first in it in terms of the number of employees. The development of the textile industry is determined by the entire economic development, on which the consumer demand of the population depends.

Topic 8. Geography of sectors of the world economy. Industry of the world (lectures 39-50)
The main products of this industry - fabrics and knitwear - belong to the category of mass-produced and relatively inexpensive products that can be produced by medium- and low-skilled workers. As B.N. noted. Zimin, the textile industry is characterized by a rapid turnover of assortments associated with changes in fashion. So I don’t remember whose aphorism comes to mind: “In all languages ​​of the world, the word “fashion” is feminine, so it has its own whims...”
The textile industry is a typical old industry. Back in high school, in history and geography, you were taught that the industrial revolution in England in the 18th century. started with her. Although spinning and weaving have remained the basis of the production process of this industry since then, scientific and technological revolution, of course, greatly influenced it. Spinning equipment was enriched with spindleless spinning machines. And in weaving production, traditional shuttle looms began to be replaced by more productive shuttleless ones. In addition, knitting production has emerged, recently switching to electronically controlled equipment. Nonwoven materials appeared. All this means expanding the range and widespread use of labor-saving technologies. And yet, the pace of development of the textile industry in the second half of the 20th - early 21st centuries. turn out to be significantly lower than in other industries. As a result, recently global production of all types of fabrics has remained at a stable level of approximately 100-110 billion square meters.
But in the raw material balance of the textile industry and, accordingly, the structure of fabric production over the past decades there have been very big changes. The main one is the constant increase in the consumption of chemical fibers, the share of which in total consumption in 1950 was 16%, and in 2005 rose to 62% (Fig. 61). In addition, the predominance of synthetic fibers (the most common of them are polyester) over cellulose fibers has sharply increased in the composition of chemical fibers. As we already noted in the last lecture, now the ratio between them is 93:7. Each of us clearly feels these structural shifts.

Rice. 61. Changes in the global structure of textile fibers, %
(1950-2005)

I remember how in the post-war period, when synthetic fabrics began to become widespread, men tried to acquire nylon shirts, and women nylon stockings; Both of them wore bologna raincoats - it was very fashionable then. Then the fashion for natural fibers returned again and now, when buying underwear or clothes, you probably ask how much cotton or wool is in this fabric. But answering this question for the most part can be quite difficult, since natural fabrics without the admixture of chemical fiber are now almost never produced. Such fabrics are usually called mixed fabrics. Or, as N.V. noted. Alisov, statistics unites them into the category “cotton fabrics and cotton-type fabrics.”
We should be even more interested in the shifts taking place in the location of the global textile industry.
You know well that in the 19th century. and in the first half of the 20th century. Europe (in a broad sense, i.e. including the European part of Russia) occupied the leading position in the world’s textile industry. Capitalist industrialization led to the fact that it was here that such large ones developed (lectures 39-50)
and world-famous regions of this industry, such as Lancashire and Yorkshire in the UK, Alsace in France, Flanders in Belgium, Saxony in Germany, Tuscany and Lombardy in Italy, and the Central region in Russia. And this is not to mention such centers as Lyon, Lille, Lodz, Ivanovo, etc. If we keep in mind the countries of the North, then a large textile industry also arose in the USA and Japan. Already in the 20th century. it has experienced crises and production declines more than once. Currently, the main task is to increase labor efficiency and product quality, which allows for higher sales prices and, consequently, an increase in turnover per employee.
Unlike the countries of the North, among the countries of the South, perhaps only China and India had a large textile industry. No wonder the first Prime Minister of independent India, Jawaharlal Nehru, called his country the “Lancashire of Asia.” But after the collapse of the colonial system, many liberated countries embarked on the path of industrialization, starting with the textile industry.
The provision of raw materials and cheap labor has led to the fact that in the countries of the South this industry began to develop at a very high pace. As a result, at the beginning of the 21st century. their share in global fabric production reached 2/3. And the main center for the production of textile fibers and fabrics moved from Europe and the USA to Asia.
More specifically, this territorial shift from developed to developing countries can be illustrated by the example of the main textile industry - cotton, which produces 75 billion square meters. m per year. Back in the middle of the 20th century. The top ten countries for the production of cotton fabrics included five Western European countries, the USA, Japan, the USSR, China and India. It now includes the United States, Russia, the Republic of Korea and seven developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. You can get acquainted with the location of the world cotton industry in more detail using Fig. 62. It follows from this that there are now 21 countries in the world producing more than 100 million square meters. m and incl. 6 - more than 1 billion sq. m of cotton fabrics per year. Please also note that the non-competitive position in the production of such fabrics is occupied by two developing countries - China and India. Moreover, both of them are already significantly

Topic 8. Geography of sectors of the world economy. Industry of the world (lectures 39-50)
exceeded the world average production of cotton fabrics per capita (11-12 sq. m). And now, in order to preserve the tradition, I will introduce you to the top five countries (Table 32).
Table 32
Top five countries in the world for the production of cotton fabrics, 2005

Next, we will briefly consider other sectors (sub-sectors) of the textile industry. Firstly, there is the wool industry, which produces much more expensive woolen fabrics. These fabrics are produced many times less than cotton fabrics - 9.5 billion square meters. m per year. Traditionally, their main producers are countries of foreign Europe, Russia, Japan, but recently some countries of East Asia have been added to them. So the top five countries for the production of such fabrics now include China, Italy, Japan, India and France. And Russia (together with Turkey, Germany, Spain and Great Britain) is only in the second five.
Secondly, this is the silk industry, which for centuries was based on expensive natural silk and had a relatively small scale. But after the invention of artificial silk, the pace of its development began to increase rapidly and now, in terms of annual production of fabrics, it exceeds the wool industry by about 10 times. The geography of this industry is also not entirely usual: almost 1/2 of the world production of silk fabrics comes from the USA, and the rest comes from Asian countries, especially China and Japan, India, and the Republic of Korea.
Thirdly, this is the flax industry, which has received the greatest development in Russia, Belarus, and some countries of foreign Europe.

Textile industry of the world
Fourthly, this is the hemp-jute industry, which processes jute stems into technical and furniture fabrics, carpets, and ropes. The world's main production area is located in the delta of the Ganges and Brahmaputra, in India and Bangladesh.
As a special sub-sector of the textile industry, we can name the production of knitwear, which has acquired paramount importance in Western countries. Suffice it to say that the cost of producing knitwear has already exceeded the production of fabrics themselves. This is largely due to the fact that labor productivity in the knitting industry is several times higher than, for example, in weaving production. But the production of nonwoven materials, which are increasingly used for technical purposes, is developing at an even faster pace.
It remains to add that textiles are one of the most traditional goods of international trade. Until relatively recently, the economically developed countries of Western Europe, the USA, and Japan acted as the main exporters and importers of fabrics. But then developing countries, most of which have a heavily export-oriented textile industry, actively intervened in this trade. Nowadays, in the export of textiles, China occupies the uncompetitive first place (especially together with Hong Kong), followed by Italy, Germany, the USA, the Republic of Korea, Fr. Taiwan, France. And the main importers of textile goods are the USA, Japan and the European countries of the G7.
For Russia, the textile industry has always been one of the most traditional industries, which played an important role in both the gross domestic product and the international geographical division of labor. Back in 1991, Russia produced 7.5 billion square meters. m of fabrics, which put it in one of the leading places in the world. But with the beginning of economic reform and its transfer to a market basis, the Russian textile industry experienced an unprecedented drop in production volumes.
As a result of the collapse in 1991 - 1996. the total volume of fabric production decreased by more than 5 times. Accordingly, Russia's share in world production has sharply decreased: for cotton fabrics from 5.2 to 1.4%, for woolen fabrics from 12.2 to 2.2%. In 1997, in the magazine “Textile Industry” you could read an article entitled “The Death of the Oldest Industry in Russia.” As for the reasons for such a deep crisis, you must understand that they include:
(lectures 39-50)
1) severe technological backwardness of production and, as a consequence, low quality of products; 2) lack of working capital; 3) intense competition from imported goods; 4) loss of domestic sources of cotton and wool; 5) decrease in the solvency of the country's population.
At the beginning of the 21st century. The situation in the Russian textile industry has improved, and the decline in production has stopped. But it has not yet reached the level of 1991: for example, the Russian Federation’s share in the world production of cotton fabrics is 3.5-4%, woolen fabrics - 2-2.5%.
Test questions Give a description of the main components of the world's forestry complex. Describe the main features of the location of the global timber and paper industry. Explain the dynamics of the global textile industry and changes in its industry structure. Describe the main shifts in the location of the world's textile industry.
Literature
Main Maksakovsky V.P. Geographical picture of the world. Textbook for universities. Book 1. General characteristics of the world. Ed. 4th - M.: Bustard, 2008. Topic 5. Maksakovsky V.P. Economic and social geography of the world. Textbook for 10th grade. Ed. 16th. - M.: Education, 2008. Rodionova I.A. World economy: industrial sphere. Textbook for universities. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2005. Section 2.
Additional Alisov N.V., Khorev B.S. Economic and social geography of the world (general overview). Textbook for universities. - M.: Gardariki, 2000. Section VIII. Geography. Textbook / Ed. E.V. Baranchikova. - M.: Academia, 2005. Chapter 5.

Textile industry of the world Lyubimov I.M. General political, economic and social geography. Textbook for universities. - M.: Helios ARV, 2001. Chapters 5,6,7. Rodionova I.A. Macrogeography of world industry. Textbook for universities. - M.: Moscow Lyceum, 2000. Rodionova I.A. Industry of the world: territorial shifts in the second half of the 20th century. - M.: Moscow Lyceum, 2002. Russia and the countries of the world. Official publication. - M.: Rosstat, 2008. Section “Industrial production”. Smirnov E.N. Introduction to the course of world economics (economic geography of foreign countries). Textbook for universities. - M.: KNORIS, 2008. Chapter 5. Socio-economic geography of the world. Textbook for universities / Ed. V.V. Volsky. - M.: Bustard, 2001. Part II, chapter 3. Kholina V.N., Naumov A.S., Rodionova I.A. Socio-economic geography of the world. Reference manual. - M.: Drofa-DiK, 2006.

20.05.2016 12:18

Illustration:

The Russian Federation is the world leader in terms of forest reserves, owning twenty-two percent of the world's forest reserves. Wood reserves in our country amount to more than eighty billion cubic meters, more than forty billion cubic meters are suitable for use.

Forestry industry of the Russian Federation

The industrial sector, whose enterprises are engaged in the procurement and processing of wood, is called the forest industry or forestry complex. It is one of the oldest industrial sectors and has a complex structure. Each part of this structure is responsible for one of the stages of processing wood raw materials.

The structure of the forest industry is as follows:

1. The logging industry, which includes timber harvesting, logging (extraction of resin and preparation of stump tar), rafting of logs, activities for transferring wood from one type of transport to another, the use of non-valuable wood species and waste (sawmill, sawing sleepers, making chips, boards for containers). It is the largest timber processing industry.
2. Woodworking industry.
3. The pulp and paper industry mechanically and chemically processes wood raw materials.
4. The wood chemical industry processes wood raw materials using the dry method, engages in charcoal burning, and creates rosin and turpentine. This industry includes the production of varnish, ether, plastics, unnatural fibers, hydrolysis (creation of ethyl, tar, turpentine from waste in the manufacture of pulp and paper products).

The forestry and woodworking industries of Russia are conventionally divided into the following groups:

1. creation of lumber and furniture (mechanical processing);
2. wood chemical industry and the creation of pulp and paper products (chemical processing method).

Industrial enterprises related to the forestry and woodworking industries are engaged in:

1. harvesting of wood material;
2. processing of wood material;
3. wood chemical industrial processing of forest raw materials;
4. production of pulp and paper products.

These factories and plants produce round timber, boards, various wooden objects, forest chemical products and paper.

Conditions for the distribution of enterprises that belong to the forest industry

To locate enterprises related to the forest industry, The following conditions should be taken into account:

1. so that the raw material base is located close;
2. there must be sources of energy supply and water sources near the enterprise;
3. the presence of transport and transport roads is necessary;
4. it is better to create forest products in close proximity to their consumers;
5. create jobs.

Coniferous trees predominate on the territory of our state; they are more valuable for industry than trees with leaves. Our forests grow unevenly geographically. The largest number of forests is in several regions: Northern, Ural, Volga-Vyatka, Far Eastern and Siberian.

This industry consumes a lot of wood raw materials and leaves a large amount of waste. Twenty percent of the waste comes from the wood harvesting stage, and from forty percent to seventy percent of the waste is left as a result of processing raw wood materials.

The most important condition for locating industrial wood processing enterprises is the availability of wood raw materials. Therefore, all processes for harvesting and subsequent processing of “business” wood are carried out in those regions of Russia where there are many natural forests. The northern, Siberian, Ural and Far Eastern territories of the country provide four-fifths of all industrial wood.

Sawmills and other wood processing (production of parts for construction needs, plywood, matches, furniture) can be located both in places where timber is harvested and in places where there are no forests (already cut trees are brought there). Basically, forest cutting and processing enterprises are located near rivers (lower reaches and mouths) and places where rivers along which logs are floated are crossed by railways.

Most lumber is produced in Siberia (its eastern and western parts, namely: in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Irkutsk Region, Tomsk Region and Tyumen Region), the North (in the Komi Republic and the Arkhangelsk Region), the Urals (in the Udmurt Republic, Sverdlovsk Region, Perm region), the Far East (Primorsky Territory, Khabarovsk Territory), in the Kirov region, in the Nizhny Novgorod region.

Woodworking industry of the Russian Federation

This industrial branch performs mechanical, chemical and mechanical processing of wood.

It includes several productions:

1. sawmill (creation of sleepers and lumber);
2. production of houses from wood;
3. production of wooden parts for construction;
4. production of wood-based boards (blocks for doors and windows, parquet boards, wood fiber boards, wood chip boards, carpentry products);
5. production of containers from wood;
6. production of plywood, including parts that are glued and bent, as well as veneer;
7. making matches;
8. furniture manufacturing;
9. production of other wood products (wood flour, skis, frames for greenhouses).

Problems of the forest industry

Today there is a crisis in the forest industry. Although Russia is the first in the world in terms of forest resources, the wood processing, timber and pulp and paper products industries account for only a little more than three percent of total production. This is due to a decrease in demand for this type of product in the Russian domestic market. The market of the Commonwealth of Independent States is also in decline, which is why purchases of forest materials and pulp and paper products in the Russian Federation have decreased. This industry in Russia has become dependent on the foreign market. But in recent years, we have begun to export more “business” wood, cardboard, paper, and plywood to other countries. Seventy-one percent of the Russian Federation's forest products are exported.

Forest reserves are affected by excessive human economic activity and emergency situations (fires). Unauthorized cutting of trees is the main problem for the development of the timber industry in our country. There is currently no clear forest policy. To prevent such logging, it is necessary to eliminate the social instability of residents of the regions where wood is harvested and processed (increasing the number of jobs, opening new enterprises, using alternative energy sources).

Another problem was reducing the loss of raw materials during the harvesting and processing of wood. Wood raw materials should be used rationally (reduce wood waste and losses due to untimely or improper transportation, effectively use wood waste).

It should be remembered that wood processing plants and factories pollute the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to take measures to protect the environment (use treatment facilities, improve production technologies and update equipment).

Directions in which the forest industry needs to be developed

In order to save wood raw materials and increase forest reserves, the forest industry must develop in several directions:

1. apply waste-free technologies;
2. reduce losses of raw materials from wood during its harvesting and alloying;
3. reduce the consumption of wood for the manufacture of sleepers by replacing them with reinforced concrete sleepers and increasing the service life of wood sleepers;
4. replace wooden containers with plastic containers;
5. use coniferous raw materials exclusively for their intended purpose;
6. restore forest lands;
7. protect the forest from fires and unauthorized logging;
8. develop an optimal model for wood resource management;
9. improve legislation for the protection of forest lands.

Thus, we can conclude that in the Russian Federation the forestry and wood processing industries are mainly concentrated in Siberia, the Urals, the North and the Far East. We provide ourselves with sawmill materials, cardboard, paper and plywood. And in order to continue to meet our needs for products made from wood raw materials, we need to restore forests and minimize environmental pollution during wood processing.

Source: Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Belarus, 2002, p. 361.

With the improvement of the economic situation in the republic and the planned accelerated development of the pulp and paper industry, the demand for low-value and small-sized wood will increase, which will make it possible to more fully and rationally use the country's logging fund and intermediate felling wood. Further development of the logging sub-industry is associated with the need to build logging roads, produce and update logging equipment and the transition from clear logging to more environmentally friendly selective and gradual felling.

The organization and management of the logging sub-sector has been changing (since 2004). The entire volume of logging will be carried out by enterprises of the recreated Ministry of Forestry. The harvested wood will be sold through the Forest Exchange.

The basis of the modern timber industry complex of the country is woodworking , represented by an almost complete set of technologically interrelated sub-sectors of mechanical and chemical-mechanical wood processing (see the above industry structure).

The technological chain of wood processing production begins with sawmilling. The share of sawmill production in pre-revolutionary Belarus accounted for 60% of woodworking products, currently it accounts for just over 9%. Nevertheless, almost half of the harvested wood is used for the production of lumber (see Table 8).

Sawmill production, like logging, has a departmentally and geographically dispersed nature - in total there are 2,716 sawmill enterprises and production facilities in the country, and there are several dozen sawmills in each administrative region of the country. A large number of technically poorly equipped small sawmills reduces the efficiency of the sub-sector and the possibility of industrial use of sawmill waste. However, the main volumes of sawmilling are concentrated in large centers - Bobruisk, Mozyr, Rechitsa, Gomel, Borisov and some others, which have an advantageous transport and geographical location at the intersection of river routes with railways and a traditionally developed combination of various woodworking and microbiological industries.

The most developed sub-sector of wood processing in Belarus is the furniture industry. This was facilitated by the existing raw material base, traditions and established qualified personnel, high demand for furniture by the growing urban population and the favorable transport and geographical position of the republic for the export of furniture products. There are 326 furniture enterprises and production facilities in Belarus. The largest of them are located in the centers of product consumption as part of woodworking associations - “Pinskdrev”, “Gomeldrev”, “Bobruiskmebel”, “Molodechnomebel”, “Minskmebel”, “Mozyrdrev”, etc. Large furniture enterprises are characterized by the production of furniture of various design groups , but there is a subject specialization in the production of sets - offices, living rooms, dining rooms, etc. Until recently, up to 80% of the furniture produced by individual enterprises was exported, mainly to Russia. But in recent years, the price competitiveness of Belarusian furniture on the foreign market has decreased due to rising energy prices. Therefore, it is planned to expand the production of highly sought-after highly artistic furniture sets with facade elements made of solid wood and other types that meet the requirements of the European market, as well as the use of new resource-saving technologies.

Among the enterprises producing building parts from wood and boards, the largest are Bobruisk FanDok, Vitebskdrev, Baranovichidrev, Minskdrev. For the production of chipboards (chipboards) and fibreboards (fibreboards), whose properties are not inferior to lumber and plywood, mainly wood waste is used. Therefore, the production of fiberboard and chipboard is located for more efficient use of wood in combination with other woodworking industries in large forestry centers - Rechitsa, Pinsk, Mozyr, Ivatsevichi, Vitebsk, Bobruisk, Mosty, Borisov, Gomel.

Traditionally, significant volumes of plywood and matches are produced in Belarus, the production of which uses wood from less valuable soft-leaved trees. The production of plywood is concentrated in Bobruisk, Mosty, Borisov, Gomel, Pinsk, Rechitsa, and matches - in Gomel, Borisov and Pinsk at plywood-woodworking and plywood-match factories.

The priority direction in the further development of woodworking in the country is the production of highly artistic furniture, new structural materials competitive in the foreign market - large-format plywood, medium-density fiberboard, joinery and construction products that meet the requirements of European standards. New resource-saving technologies will be introduced in these industries using the achievements of computerization, automation, and microelectronics.

Pulp and paper industry, Less developed in Belarus than woodworking, it has great development prospects. They are due to: firstly, the need for more efficient use of available forest resources; secondly, the greater efficiency of exporting final products of deep wood processing than unprocessed timber and semi-finished timber; thirdly, the need of Belarus for cellulose for operating paper mills and for paper for the developed printing industry.

In Belarus, the first paper mills were built at the beginning of the last century in Dobrush and Shklov, and pulp production began only in the 1980s. at the Svetlogorsk pulp and cardboard mill. Currently, there are 105 enterprises and production facilities of the pulp and paper industry in the country, with a predominance of production of paper products. The largest enterprise in the industry is OJSC Svetlogorsk Pulp and Cardboard Mill, which has its own production of unbleached pulp (50 thousand tons per year) and specializes in the production of corrugated container board and packaging paper. The largest producers of paper and products made from it are JSC Slonim Cardboard and Paper Plant "Albertin" and Dobrush Paper Mill "Hero of Labor". There are also paper mills in Borisov, Shklov, Chashniki, and small cardboard factories in Molodechno (“Raevka”), Ostrovetsky (“Olkhovka”), Pukhovichsky (“Svetly Bor”) districts. Imported cellulose and waste paper are used as feedstock. Two large wallpaper factories operate using imported paper - in Minsk and Gomel.

Due to the fact that the composition of the forest resources of Belarus contains a high proportion of low-value soft-leaved wood and fine wood, which are not in demand in the domestic market, and also that logging and wood processing waste is not fully used, it was considered expedient to accelerate the development of the country’s own pulp and paper production. Especially considering the fact that Belarus is currently exporting low-value wood and importing pulp produced from it, as well as importing paper in large quantities. Therefore, a decision was made to commission already in the current five-year period the second stage of an unbleached pulp mill and to begin construction of a new bleached pulp enterprise as part of the Svetlogorsk pulp and cardboard mill, as well as to build a newsprint plant with an annual capacity of 100 thousand tons in Shklov. This will significantly increase the export potential of the country's timber industry, given that (according to the Research Institute of the Ministry of Economy) on the world market 1 ton of round timber costs 26 US dollars, 1 ton of lumber costs 115, 1 ton of uncoated paper and cardboard costs 640, 1 ton of wallpaper – 1500 US dollars.

Currently, the export of wood in raw and processed forms gives Belarus about $500 million a year. By comparison, Austria, which has fewer forest resources, sells $3 billion worth of forest products.

One of the oldest industries of the complex in Belarus is wood chemical industry . However, at present its role is small. Turpentine, rosin, charcoal and other forest chemical products are produced at the forest chemical sites of industrial forestry associations and at two large forest chemical enterprises in Borisov and Gomel. The raw materials are resin and stump resin, procured in the country's forestry enterprises.

Hydrolysis plants in Bobruisk and Rechitsa, related to the microbiological industry and included in the chemical complex, are directly related to the rational, integrated use of wood raw materials (see lecture 11).

The problem of more efficient, complete, integrated use and reproduction of forest resources, which are renewable national wealth and the basis for the effective functioning of the timber industry complex, has been and remains relevant. The main directions for its solution in modern conditions are set out in documents developed by Belarusian scientists and approved by the government - “Concept of sustainable development of forestry until 2015” and “Republican program for the rational and integrated use of wood resources for 2002-2010”:

ensuring sustainable development of forestry, scientifically based optimization of the country's forest cover, species composition and age structure of forests, sustainable multi-purpose forest management;

changing the intra-industry structure of the timber industry complex through the priority development of production for deep chemical (cellulose production) and chemical-mechanical (chipboard, fiberboard production) processing of wood raw materials (primarily small-sized and low-value wood) with an increase in the share of final high-value products (paper, cardboard and products from them);

introduction of resource-saving technologies: laser cutting of sheet materials (fibreboard, chipboard, plywood) according to optimal schemes based on automated complexes, cladding of furniture panels using new technologies, volumetric milling, use of film materials with a “finish effect”, development of an electronic system for developing wallpaper design and etc.;

rational territorial organization of the entire complex, in particular: bringing production closer to sources of raw materials, overcoming the discrepancy between the volumes and structure of production and the characteristics of the local raw material base (see Table 7), making full use of the advantages of combining, combining production, ensuring the full use of all components of wood, processing of the resulting waste with obtaining additional products and reducing transport and energy costs.

Academy of Economics and Management

Essay
in regional studies on the topic:

« Forestry and wood processing industry of the world»

Performed:
student of group 110
(Organisation management)
Timofeeva M.G.
Checked by: Sverdlovskaya A.A.

Lipetsk, 2011
Content
1. Introduction
2. The concept of forest resources, their classification
3. Distribution of forest resources
4. Geography of the forestry and woodworking industry
5. General characteristics of the forest complex
6. Largest countries exporting forestry and wood processing products
7. Structure of world trade in forest products
8. Structure, principles of placement of forest industry facilities
9. Forestry and woodworking industries

10. Technological features of wood processing

a) Forest resources of Russia and their significance

Introduction
The forest industry is rightly called the most interesting topic for study, since it is complex, multifaceted, distributed throughout the world and its products are necessary for the economy of any country.
Forest industry products (round timber, sawlogs), production volumes, wood prices and other indicators are closely related to the environmental situation in the world, the situation of the world's forests at a given time, and, as a result, with the foreign and domestic policies of a particular country on the issue of management forest areas.
Our country accounts for 22% of the world's forests. Wood reserves in Russia amount to 82 billion cubic meters, which exceeds the reserves of the United States and Canada by 3.5 times.
Forestry industryis the oldest industry that produces construction materials. It consists of many complementary industries. Industries differ from each other in production technologies and the purpose of the products produced, although they use the same source material.

The concept of forest resources, their classification

Of all types of vegetation on the planet and all categories of natural resources, forests are the most valuable. According to modern research, the total reserves of plant mass in forests amount to 82% of the total plant mass of the Earth, or approximately 1960 billion tons, and the total reserve of wood in forests is more than 350 billion m.
The official definition of forest resources is given by the industry standard OST 56-108-98, which reads as follows: “Forest resources are understood as stocks of wood and non-wood products of the forest fund, forests not included in the forest fund, and lands covered with trees and shrubs. include: forest products made from wood or wood itself; non-wood products include all other products of non-wood origin...".
Forest resources can be classified as follows:
a) forest resources - the entire area occupied by trees or shrubs and used for forestry purposes (public and private forests, national parks and reserves, all forest crops and forest plantations, including fellings designed for one rotation, as well as areas under roads, watercourses, forest nurseries and small open areas that cannot be identified according to shooting conditions). Forest resources do not include urban gardens, orchards and industrial plantations (rubber, cinchona, etc.), forest pastures, and distant lands;
b) closed forests - forest areas used for forestry purposes, occupied by trees whose crown density is more than 20%. These include natural forest plantations (including young trees), as well as open-ended forest crops established for timber production, and protective forest belts where forestry-type farming is conducted.
c) open spaces (open woodlands) - non-forest areas in which the density of tree crowns ranges from 5 to 20% (for example, open spaces in Eurasia, savannas in the tropics).
In order to streamline the methods of forest management and prevent the depletion of wood reserves, forests were divided into three groups.
Forests of the first group are forests whose main purpose is to perform water protection, protective, sanitary, hygienic and health-improving functions, as well as forests of specially protected natural areas (forests of state nature reserves, national and natural parks, natural monuments, etc.).
Forests of the second group - forests in regions with high population density and a developed network of land transport routes; forests that perform primarily water conservation, protective, sanitary, health, and other functions of limited operational significance.
Forests of the third group are forests of rich forest regions, which are primarily of operational importance while ensuring the preservation of ecological functions. Forests of the third group are divided into developed and reserve.

Distribution of forest resources
The development of the world's forestry and wood processing industries is largely determined by the location of forest resources. There are two belts of these types of processing industries on Earth: the northern forest belt and the southern forest belt.
The northern zone is represented by coniferous (55%) and mixed forests (45% of Eurasia and North America), the southern zone is represented by forests of the equatorial and tropical zones. Equatorial rainforests are more productive, but trees of the same species are very rare. The largest reserves of timber in this belt are in Brazil, Indonesia, Venezuela, and Congo. In the regions of the northern belt, coniferous wood is harvested in Canada, Finland, Sweden, Russia (20%); For these countries, the forestry and wood processing industry is a branch of international specialization. Logging is also carried out in Germany, Romania, China, Japan, and France. Canada ranks first in the world in the export of forest products. There are 1.5 thousand sawmills in the country. The world's largest pulp and paper mill operates here.
In areas of the southern forest belt, deciduous wood is harvested. The timber industry here is most developed in Brazil and Colombia, in the countries of tropical Africa (Congo), and in Southeast Asia. In this belt, bamboo (India), jute (Bangladesh), and sesal (Brazil, Tanzania) are often used to make paper. Every year, 3.5 billion m3 of wood is harvested in the world, the volume of harvesting increases annually by 50 million m3.
In the countries of the northern and southern belts, the use of forest resources is irrational. Currently, there is a program for reforestation in North America, Europe, Brazil, Congo, Ethiopia, and Australia.
Geography of the forestry and woodworking industry
In recent decades, significant changes have begun to be felt in the geography of the forest industry due to the relationship between the northern and southern forest belts. In general, timber harvesting is growing (from 2 billion cubic meters in 1965 to 3.5 billion cubic meters in 19190). But if in the middle of the 20th century the countries of the 1st belt were much ahead of the countries of the 2nd belt, now this gap is shrinking. The largest timber producers are the USA, Russia, Canada, India, Brazil, Indonesia, Nigeria, Ukraine, China, and Sweden.
Of all harvested timber, commercial timber accounts for: in the countries of the northern belt - 80-100%, and in the countries of the southern belt - 10-20%.
Mechanical wood processing is primarily the production of lumber; largest producers: USA, Russia, Canada, Japan. Brazil, India, Germany, France, Sweden, Finland.
The leaders in chemical wood processing are the USA, Canada, Japan, Sweden, and Finland. Of the countries in the southern belt, only Brazil makes a significant contribution to world pulp production - 4%.
Paper production is also increasing. The main paper producing countries are the USA, Japan, and Canada.
There are significant differences between gross and per capita production in economically developed and developing countries.
On average, the world produces 45 kg of paper per capita. Finland takes the first place (1400 kg), and the figures in Sweden are also high (670 kg). Canada (530 kg), Norway (400 kg); in Europe the figures are higher than the world average, and in Russia they are lower (35 kg). The level of per capita indicator in developing countries is very low (for example, in India - 1.7 kg).
General characteristics of the forest complex

The products of the forestry complex, the volume of its production, the conditions of this market, prices and other indicators are directly related to the situation of the world's forests at a particular point in time, the environmental situation and, accordingly, the global and domestic policies of specific countries on the issue of forest management.
Economic, political, demographic and social trends shape forest management and influence the formulation of national policies and institutions. The main impacts on forest area and quantity come from demographic changes (growth) and urbanization of the population, demands for forest products, and the ability of forests to perform important environmental functions.
A large number of governmental and international organizations currently control forest-related issues and therefore influence the forest industry and industry pricing. Among such organizations are the Intergovernmental Panel on Forests (IPF), established in April 1995 and held in Rio De Janeiro in June 1992 by the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development ,UNCED). The objectives of the IPF are to follow UNCED recommendations on the management of the world's forests and influence the global community on issues related to forests. IPF works collaboratively with international organizations, governments, non-governmental organizations and the private sector, which has a major impact on the health of forests and the forest industry.
Other organizations include the Office of the World's Forests (SOFO), which provides regular information updates. The same can be said about the UN Commission on Agriculture (FAO). FAO's Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) informs decisions made by many other organizations.
The world's forest area, including natural forests and plantations, was estimated at 3,454 million hectares in 1995, with just over half in developing countries. The total loss of forests in the world in 1990-1995 was estimated at 56.3 million hectares, which translates into a decrease in forest area by 65.1 million hectares, mainly in developing countries, and an increase in forest areas there by 8.8 million hectares. In general, the decline in forest area is most noticeable in developing countries, although the extent of its decline was less than predicted for 1980-1990 and is currently continuing to decline.
Research into the causes of forest change shows that the main factors are agricultural development in Africa, Asia and large economic development programs accompanied by resettlement, infrastructure and agricultural development in Latin America and Asia. Although timber extraction is not the main reason for the decrease in forest area directly, it is indirectly an important factor because logging in many areas was accompanied by the construction of roads, which made previously remote areas easily accessible for agricultural colonization.
Although the total area of ​​forest cover is steadily decreasing, the demand for forestry products is steadily growing. FAO forest products statistics show that global consumption of forest products increased by 36% in 1994 compared to 1970.
Consumption of woodfuel, which is the main or sole source of energy for two-fifths of the world's population, continues to grow at 1.2% per year. Approximately 90% of woodfuel is produced and used in developing countries. Industrialized countries account for approximately 70% of the production and consumption of industrial forest products.
Many countries rely primarily on plantations and farm forestry to meet their forest needs. The amount of timber produced from plantations in Asia, Oceania and South America has increased sharply. In developing countries alone, the area of ​​forest plantations increased from 40 million hectares in 1980 to more than 80 million hectares in 1995.
One of the most important trends has been the development of more efficient processing technologies, allowing for significant growth in the final product while reducing the consumption of raw materials. The transition to more environmentally friendly technologies is also important.

Largest countries exporting forestry and wood processing products
The largest exporting countries of forest products are: Russia, USA, Malaysia, Canada, Indonesia, Finland, Sweden, Austria, France, Germany, South America (Brazil, Ecuador, Mexico, Colombia), China, Japan. Thus, Russia, the USA and Malaysia supply mainly wood and lumber; Finland, Austria, Sweden - paper, building materials, furniture; South America – pulp, lumber, cardboard. Recently, the share of exports of roundwood and processed wood from developing countries (Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Cote d'Ivoire, Gabon, Cameroon) has been increasing.
The largest companies in this industry are Kimberly-Clark, International Paper, Weyerhaeuser, Stora Enso, UPM-Kymmene, SCA.
Global trade in forest products exceeds US$140,000 million and is growing steadily year after year. The global forestry industry was significantly impacted by the financial crisis that began in 2008, which significantly reduced the growth rates of this and other industries.

Structure of world trade in forest products
The timber and paper complex currently accounts for approximately a tenth of all industrial production in countries with developed market economies.
Wood retains its place in the modern world as the most important type of natural raw material used by civilization. Over the past two decades, wood has represented approximately 10% of the world's manufactured goods. According to this indicator, the timber and paper industry is approximately equal to the chemical industry, slightly superior to the food industry and almost twice as significant as the light industry or metallurgy.
The structure of world forest exports is dominated by semi-finished products and raw materials, and no more than a quarter of the world trade in timber and paper products can be classified as finished products.
In Finland, out of 9 billion dollars of forest exports, approximately 7 are pulp and paper products, 1 is lumber, while wood products account for only 2% of revenue, paper products - 5%, furniture - 2%.
In Sweden, out of 10 billion dollars earned in the forest market, 7 falls on pulp and paper products, 1.5 billion dollars on lumber; Wood products provide only 4%, paper - 5%, furniture - 9%.
Canada's timber industry generates $20 billion in total export earnings, incl. from sales of pulp and paper products - 13 billion, lumber - 5 billion, products and furniture bring 1.5 billion.
The United States earns 15 billion dollars in this market, of which 3 billion come from the sale of raw materials, 2 from lumber, almost 7 billion from pulp and paper goods, and one each from products and furniture.
Only for a few large exporters with an average forest supply, products and furniture together account for a significant part of the revenue: in Germany - approximately 50%, in France - 40%, in Austria - about 30%.
Structure, principles of placement of forest industry facilities

The forestry industry consists of several interconnected industries. The products of one industry serve as raw materials for another. This scheme allows, along with sequential processing of wood, complete recycling of waste.
Scheme 1

Forest industry enterprises that are located close to each other and have close production ties based on the sharing of raw materials, energy, transport and complete waste treatment form forestry complexes. The structure of the forest industry is presented in Table 2.
table 2

logging, felling, trailing (delivery to consumer)
mechanical processing - includes sawmilling, production of plywood, lumber, furniture, matches, parquet, etc.
forest chemistry includes the production of pulp, paper and other products.
The pulp and paper industry occupies an intermediate position, where chemical technologies are combined with mechanical processing, and includes the production of cellulose, rosin, wood alcohol, and feed yeast.

Technological features of timber processing

logging
sawmills
crushing and production of plywood veneer
production of wooden containers
construction of wooden buildings
other wood products.

Forest resources of Russia and their significance.

Forestry and woodworking industry in Russia

Conclusion
The forestry and wood processing industry originated a very long time ago. The forest has been one of the main objects of human activity since ancient times. The forest provided wood, food, and shelter. With the development of production, the demand for forest industry products has steadily increased. Now the forestry industry supplies: wood, lumber, wood-based panels, raw materials for various industries, transport, construction, and agriculture.
The development of the global timber industry is directly related to the location of the largest forest areas. The main forest areas of the planet are located in South and North America, Siberia, and East Asia. The approximate area of ​​the world's forests is 3454 million hectares.
A characteristic feature of this industry is that the number of forests on Earth is constantly decreasing, and the demand for forest industry products is steadily growing. The decrease in the number of forests is associated with excessive deforestation, expansion of agricultural land, deterioration of the environmental situation, and climate change. The world community, concerned about this situation, is taking various measures to preserve and protect forests: in many countries, uncontrolled cutting of trees has been prohibited, programs have been adopted for the restoration of reforestation, the cultivation of industrial timber on special plantations, and measures have been introduced to improve the environmental situation. Humanity has come to understand that natural resources must be protected, preserved and, if possible, renewed. What is predatory deforestation,drilling of the wellsfor oil and gas production, the construction of mines for the extraction of minerals must be carried out under the strict control of the state and the world community.

Bibliography
1. Vavilova E.R. Economic geography and regional studies. Textbook - Gardariki, 2003.
2.Publisher: LLC "Editorial Journal" Cellulose. Paper. Cardboard", 2000

3. Internet resources: Electronic magazine forest industry. No. 4-7, 2007.