History of aeronautics presentation. Presentation on the topic "history of aeronautics." Wright brothers plane
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Educational and entertaining event
"History of Aeronautics".
Target: studying the history of the development of aeronautics.
Tasks :
introduce the history of aviation;
teach you to apply the acquired knowledge in practice;
develop children's ingenuity, technical curiosity, and interest in creative activities;
cultivate a sense of patriotism and the ability to work in a team.
Form of organization: educational - entertaining
Methods : oral magazine, game (KVN)
Techniques : verbal, visual, practical.
Place carrying out : Assembly Hall
Time carrying out : 45 minutes
Participants : 4th grade students, 12 people.
Equipment : 2 tables, 12 chairs, video projector, laptop, screen, multimedia presentation “History of Aeronautics.
Props: 2 sets of letters with the names of the teams, 2 aircraft assembly diagrams, pictures - puzzles 2 pieces, jury protocol.
Expected results:
Arouse interest in technical creativity and training in a technical modeling and design studio;
Introduce the history of the development of aeronautics and aviation;
Invoke a feeling of patriotism and pride for heroes - fellow countrymen.
Preparation plan:
Prepare a slide presentation about the history of aeronautics and the development of aviation;
Make two sets of letters with the names of the teams “Vityazi”, “Swifts”.
Print two color pictures in A-4 format, an airship and a balloon, cut each picture into 10 parts;
Print two sets of airplanes in color in A-4 format and two airplane assembly diagrams using the origami method;
Fold a sample airplane - origami;
Collect all the props for the competition and the protocol for evaluating and summing up the results of the jury;
Invite two fourth or two fifth graders in advance;
Order 12 badges for competition participants;
Place 2 tables and 12 chairs on the stage;
Set up your computer, video projector, software and microphone.
Before the start of the event, it is advisable to play songs about pilots. In the foyer there will be an exhibition of aircraft from students of the “technical design and modeling” studio, as well as a review of literature on the history of aviation and artistic essays about test pilots. The arriving guys should be seated in the auditorium on the right and left sides. Display the splash screen on the competition name screen. After the presentation of the slides and story, you need to select 2 teams of 6 people from those who want to participate in the competition. Pay attention to the formation of children on stage and their placement at tables, as well as in the selection of captains, it is best to appoint them at will. When judging competition 3, time and correct title should be taken into account. In the competition for captains, be sure to call them to the middle of the stage and, if they answer incorrectly, give the right to answer to the captain of the other team. At the end of the last competition when launching planes, it is best to hold it in turns and give a higher score to the team whose plane flies farthest. The jury can be formed from teachers of visiting classes and a teacher of additional education in technical creativity. The announcement of the results can be made after they have been held. It is better to evaluate competitions using the 5th system. To successfully conduct and support the participants of the competition, give each one a badge and a sweet prize as a souvenir, without taking into account the results of the jury.
Progress of the event.
Leading: Hello, dear guys! We are glad to meet you, make yourself comfortable. The topic of today's event is dedicated to the history of aeronautics and the development of aviation; we will take a short journey into the history of the development of air flights and their inventors. Host: And now is the time to look into the history of aeronautics, where it all began. Attention, on the screen.
And it all began with the fact that man’s desire to rise into the air and move around in it has existed as long as the history of civilization.(slide 2)
Even in ancient times, people realized that wings were needed to fly. This idea, which arose as a result of bird watching, can be traced in the legends and myths of different peoples.
The materials for the invention of wings were available to ancient man - rods, belts, feathers. And attempts to fly like a bird were made even before our era. Everyone knowsmyth about Icarus, son of King Daedalus.
Icarus made wings, fastened them with wax and, despite his father’s warnings, flew towards the sun, but the rays of the sun melted the wax and Icarus fell into the sea.
(Slide 3) Among the Slavic peoples, the first mention of an attempt to fly dates back to the 13th century. And then the conquest of airspace belongs to the French.
(Slide 4) On November 21, 1783, the French Pilatre de Rosier and Arlan managed to go on a 25-minute flight in a hot air balloon built by the Montgolfier brothers. The shell of the ball is filled with hot smoke from the fire. Smoke, as you know, always rises... Why guys?
(Students answer: “lighter than the surrounding air”).
Presenter: But such an aircraft is immovable. (Slide 5)
And in 1783, the physicist Charles invented the balloon. This is a ball soaked in a rubber solution and filled with hydrogen. The ball could rise to a height of 200-300 meters. They began to use it for aerial reconnaissance and for transporting mail.(Slide 6)
And in 1852, the Giffard airship was a self-propelled controlled balloon; the Frenchman Henri Giffard flew 27 km on it.
(Slide 7) 14-year-old Otto Lilienthal (future inventor) jumped from the roof of his barn, flapping his homemade wings and received several bruises. Having matured, he continued his experiments, created a glider and in the summer of 1891 made a flight at a distance of 25 meters. His subsequent models flew 200 meters. In total he made more than 2 thousand flights.
(Slide 8) Two brothers Wilbur and Orville Wright owned a bicycle factory. The spirit of inventors awakened in the brothers. They installed an engine (8 horsepower) and a propeller on their glider. He stayed in the air for 59 seconds. This happened in 1903, and in 1908 the brothers made a flight with passengers.
(Slide 9) In 1901, the Brazilian Santos Dumont flew around the Eiffel Tower. And in October 1906, he took off from a flat field on a motorized glider and flew as much as 60 meters.
But in Russia, too, a lot has been done to develop aviation.
(Slide 10) In the summer of 1882, in Krasnoye Selo near St. Petersburg, a test took place of an aircraft invented by the captain of the 1st rank of the Russian Navy, Alexander Fedorovich Mozhaisky. This is an ordinary boat with 2 rectangular wings, a tail unit, and three propellers. It was a bulky machine. She couldn't fly. It was just a clumsy jump from a small springboard.
(Slide 11) In 1910, the All-Russian Aeronautics Festival was held. Competitions in St. Petersburg showed the high class of Russian pilots.
In 1911, Alekhnovich covered a distance of 100 km.
In 1912, S. Utochkin went on a trip to Europe.
(Slide 12) By the beginning of the First World War, Russia had 244 operational aircraft. Russia is the only country that had multi-engine heavy aircraft. Such as for example;
- “Ilya Muromets” could lift 2 machine guns and 500 kg of bombs (designer Sikorsky).
(Slide 13) - “Svyatogor” (designer V.A. Slesarev).
(Slide 14) - “Spide 13” pilots, Frenchmen Guynemer and Fonck, are recognized as aces in air combat.
In the early 20s, young scientists were busy modernizing foreign airplanes. Under the leadership of Tupolev, ANT-2 was created.
In 1923, the Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod air line was opened.
Today we are talking about aerobatics. And who was its founder? Guys, do any of you know?...(children's answer)
This is our fellow countryman P.N. Nesterov.(Slide 15)
(Slide 16) Pyotr Nesterov was born in the city of Nizhny Novgorod on February 27, 1887, in the family of an officer-educator of the cadet corps. On August 26, 1897, Nesterov entered the Nizhny Novgorod Cadet Corps, where at one time his father held the position of teacher. In 1904, Nesterov completed his course of study.
(Slide 17) “My passion for aviation began in 1910,” Pyotr Nesterov later recalled. “I set myself the task of building such an apparatus, the movements of which would be least dependent on environmental conditions and would be almost entirely subordinate to the will of the pilot. It seemed to me that only compliance with these conditions and Only such a device can enable a person to soar freely. Only then will aviation turn from fun and sport into a lasting and useful acquisition of humanity."
(Slide18) Pyotr Nesterov trained in improving his piloting, in practicing steep turns, preparing to carry out a “dead loop”. There were doubts about the reliability of the aircraft’s design, and most importantly, whether his experiment would be visible and understood by his comrades in arms. On August 27, 1913, Nesterov’s Newport soared into the sky again. Having gained a height of 800-1000 meters, the pilot, according to the report from his superiors, turned off the engine and began to dive. At an altitude of about 600 meters, the engine was turned on, and the plane, obedient to the pilot, rushed vertically upward, then entered the horizontal plane, described a loop and went into a dive. The engine turned off again, the plane straightened out and landed safely in a smooth, beautiful spiral. This was a flight evolution, which later became known as the “Nesterov Loop”. This was the beginning of the birth of future military aviation - aerobatics.(Slide 19)
During the First World War, Pyotr Nesterov, conducting aerial reconnaissance, carried out the first bombing in Russian history, and did it at such a high level that the Austrian command announced a huge reward for the one who shoots down a Russian pilot. Nesterov made 28 missions. His last feat cost him his life - he rammed an enemy reconnaissance plane.
(Slide 20) Our other fellow countryman, pilot V.P. Chkalov was born in 1904 in the village of Vasilevo, Nizhny Novgorod province (now the city of Chkalovsk) in the family of a boilermaker at the Vasilevo state workshops. In 1919, Valery Chkalov worked as a fireman on the Bayan steamship on the Volga and then saw an airplane for the first time. After that, having resigned from the ship, in the same year he went to serve in the Red Army. He was sent as an aircraft assembler to the 4th Kanavinsky Aviation Park in Nizhny Novgorod.
(Slide 21) In 1921, Chkalov achieved a referral to study at the Yegoryevsk Military Theoretical School of the Air Force, and after graduating in 1922, he was sent to further study at the Borisoglebsk Military Aviation School of Pilots.
(Slide 22) In 1936-1937 he made record flights. The flight of Chkalov's crew from Moscow to the Far East started on July 20, 1936 and lasted 56 hours before landing on the sand spit of Und Island in the Sea of Okhotsk. The total length of the record route was 9,375 kilometers.
(Slide 23) On June 20, 1937, he flew to the USA via the North Pole together with comrades Baidukov and Belyakov.
(Slide 24) Chkalov died on December 15, 1938 during the first test flight of the new I-180 fighter at the Central Airfield.
Leading: And now I invite you guys to take part in the competition program and invite 2 teams of 6 people to the stage (the guys are divided into teams, go through and sit at the tables). And you will be evaluated by a jury consisting of - (the presenter announces the full names of the jury members who sit in the first row at the table).
First competition « Team names"
Presenter: Each team receives a set of 6 letters. You need to think and line up with the letters in your hands so that you can read the name of your team. The first team to assemble and line up correctly receives 2 points. (The guys receive sets of letters and complete the task; the players should come up with the names of the teams “Vityazi” and “Swifts”). Well done, we have teams, now your task is to choose a captain (they choose a captain).
Second competition "Blitz survey"
Leading: Guys, now I will ask you questions from the material that you heard in the presentation today, each team in turn, you give the correct answer and get a point, but if the team gave the wrong answer, then I transfer the right to answer to the opposing team. Ready?
1) Name what prompted a person to fly? (Flight of birds)
2) In what century are the first flights of the Slavic peoples mentioned? (13th century)
3) What aircraft can you name? (Balloon, airship, glider, paraglider).
4) What were the balloons filled with? (Smoke from the fire, hydrogen)
5) What were they used for? (For aerial reconnaissance and mail transportation)
6) Which first Russian inventor of aircraft can you name? (A.F. Mozhaisky)
7) What are the names of the test pilots of our fellow countrymen, whose names are associated with military aviation? (P.N. Nesterov, V.P. Chkalov)
8) In what year was the Moscow-Novgorod air line opened? (in 1923)
Third competition "Aircraft"
Host: Each team receives puzzle pictures of aircraft, you need to assemble the picture and determine what kind of aircraft it is, is everything clear? Let's start... (Balloon and airship).
Fourth competition "Captains Competition"
Host: And now we’ll hold a competition for captains, I ask you guys to go to the middle of the stage, take turns listening and answering questions, are you ready?
1. Who was the first to implement a dead loop? (P.N. Nesterov)
2. Who carried out the direct flight Moscow - America? (V.P. Chkalov)
3. Who was the first to bomb in Russia? (Nesterov)
4. Who was the first to carry out the ramming? (Nesterov)
5. What pilot is the planet, island, city, streets named after? (Chkalov)
6.What are the names of the pilots participating in the direct flight Moscow – America? (Baidukov, Belyakov).
Fifth competition “Flight of Fantasy”
Host: On the slides you saw all kinds of aircraft. Now you must assemble your aircraft according to the proposed assembly scheme. When your devices are ready, we will make a long-range test flight. Whose team will assemble first and whose plane will fly the farthest distance. Guys, is everything clear? Then we started.
Host: And now, I would like to give the floor to the jury (the jury announces the results of the competitions). Guys, let's thank our competition participants with thunderous applause, give them souvenir badges, sweet prizes, and ask them to thank each other for their cooperation with a friendly handshake. And in order to capture our meeting with you as a souvenir for history, I suggest taking a photo as a keepsake (both teams line up on the stage for a photo). Dear guys, thank you for coming, we hope this will not be our last meeting. We wish you a good mood, apply today's information in your studies, and think about your future profession. We say goodbye to you, see you again!
The flight of human thought is like the free flight of birds. And the history of aviation is the best proof of this. As soon as a person did not realize his cherished desire to fly. He filled balloons with hot air, learned to use the aerodynamic force of air flows, taking to the skies on hang gliders and gliders, and then mastered controlled flight, creating the first models of airplanes and helicopters.
Lorenzo de Gusmao's balloon Lorenzo de Gusmao's balloon Charles's balloon Charles's balloon Charles's balloon Blanchard's balloon Blanchard's balloon Blanchard's balloon Blanchard's balloon Montgolfier brothers' balloons Montgolfier brothers' balloons Giffard's airship Giffard's airship Giffard's airship Giffard's airship Dupuy de Loma's airship Dupuy de Loma's airship Dupuy de Loma's airship Dupuy de Loma's airship Henlein's airship Henlein's airship Renard and Krebs's airship Renard and Krebs's airship Renard and Krebs's airship Renard and Krebs's airship Zeppelin's airship Zeppelin's airship Zeppelin's airship Zeppelin's airship Contents
De Gusmao's balloon was made from a paper shell. Filled with heated air obtained from the combustion of flammable material contained in a clay pot, which was located in a wooden pallet suspended from below. The ball had wings. Francesco de La Terzi Bartolomeo Lorenzo de Gusmao The first balloon was designed by the Jesuit priest Francesco de La Terzi in 1670, but was carried out by Bartolomeo Lorenzo de Gusmao in 1709.
Charles Charles was one of the first to fill balloons with hydrogen, which is many times lighter than air and provides greater lift than hot air. Hydrogen was obtained by treating iron filings with sulfuric acid. The paper shell was permeable to hydrogen, so Charles used a lightweight silk cloth coated with a solution of rubber in turpentine. It took several days to inflate a balloon with a diameter of 4 m and consumed 227 kg of sulfuric acid and 454 kg of iron.
Blanchard In 1784, in his first hydrogen-filled balloon, Blanchard made several flights in France and then in England. Being involved in aeronautics, Blanchard put a lot of effort into inventing and testing the parachute. In 1785, during a balloon flight at an altitude of 300 meters, Blanchard made the first test of a parachute.
Montgolfier The hot air balloons of the Montgolfier brothers were called "hot air balloons" and are still used today. These are modern hot air balloons that rise due to heated air. The shell is made of lightweight heat-resistant synthetic, very durable fabric. The burners installed in the gondola under the dome and heating the air in the shell operate on propane-butane.
Giffard The balloon always flew at the will of the wind, and Giffard did not like it. Then he decided that if he placed a powerful steam engine with a propeller on the balloon, it would be possible to fly in any direction. This is how the first airship appeared, the movement of which a person could control.
Henlein This airship was equipped with a gas engine. The gas was taken from the shell, and its flow rate was replaced by air supplied to the ballonet. This engine developed a power of 3.6 liters. With. The propeller was four-bladed, with a diameter of 4.6 m. The engine was very heavy (458 kg), and Henlein’s airship could not reach high speed.
Ch. Renard Al. Krebs In 1884, the airship “France” by Ch. Renard and Al. Krebs with a volume of approx. 2 thousand m 3. Essentially, these flights were the first controlled ones. To maintain the elongated, streamlined shape of the airship's hull, ballonets were used. In addition to rudders, stabilizers began to be included in the design of the airship's empennage. Along with soft airships, they began to design and then build rigid and non-rigid airships.
Zeppelin airships Construction of the first Zeppelin airships began in 1899 on a floating assembly plant on Lake Constance in the Munzell Bay. It was intended to simplify the launch procedure, since the workshop could sail with the wind. The experimental airship "LZ 1" had a length of 128 m, it was equipped with two Daimler engines with a power of 14.2 hp. (10.6 kV) and was balanced by moving weight between its two nacelles.
Wright Brothers Plane Wright Brothers Plane Kudashev Plane Kudashev Plane Boeing 747 Plane Boeing 747 Plane Heinkel He 178 Plane Heinkel He 178 Plane Heinkel He 178 Plane Heinkel He 178 Plane Avro 683 Lancaster Plane Avro 683 Lancaster Plane Avro 683 Lancaster Plane Avro 683 Lancaster Sam flight De Havilland DH De Havilland airplane DH Tu-104 airplane Tu-104 airplane Tu-104 airplane Tu-104 airplane Tu-144 airplane Tu-144 airplane Concorde airplane Concorde airplane Concorde airplane Concorde airplane Apollo spaceship Apollo spaceship Apollo spaceship Apollo spaceship Apollo airplane Columbia airplane Airplane Columbia Airplane Columbia Contents
The Flyer was the first aircraft to use an internal combustion engine, designed and built by the Wright brothers. On December 17, 1903, in the Kitty Hawk Valley, this aircraft made the world's first flight, in which an aircraft with a man took off under engine power, flew forward, and landed at a place with an altitude equal to the altitude of the take-off site.
Kudashev A biplane of wooden construction with a front elevator and tail mounted on trusses. The length of the aircraft is 10 m, the wingspan is 9 m, their total area is 34 m2. The wings are covered with rubberized fabric, the Anzani engine has a power of 25.7 kW. Flight weight 420 kg. The flight performed by Kudashev on May 23, 1910 at the Syretsky hippodrome in Kyiv became the first flight of a domestically built aircraft in Russia.
Heinkel He 178 Heinkel He is the world's first aircraft with a turbojet engine. The first flight took place on August 27, 1939. The development of the He 178 aircraft was carried out by the Ernst Heinkel Flugzeugwerke company in northern Germany, which was led by Ernst Heinkel. His main idea was the development of new technologies and the production of new generation aircraft engines.
Avro 683 Lancaster The Avro 683 Lancaster is a British heavy four-engine bomber used by the Royal Air Force. The first combat flight took place in March 1942. The Lancaster became the most famous and most successful night bomber of World War II, flying more than 156,000 sorties and dropping more than tons of bombs.
De Havilland DH The De Havilland DH is a British multi-role bomber and night fighter of the Second World War, which was in service with the Royal Air Force. The design of the aircraft used a thick three-layer skin with outer layers of plywood and inner layers of balsa with spruce inserts for strength, covered with canvas on top. Its use made it possible to achieve sufficiently high strength with a fairly low weight of the structure.
Tu Tu is the first Soviet and one of the first jet passenger aircraft in the world to take off. Between 1956 and 1958, the Tu-104 was at that time the only jet airliner in operation in the world.
Tu-144 Tu aircraft is a Soviet supersonic passenger aircraft developed by the Tupolev Design Bureau in the 1960s. It is the world's first supersonic airliner, which was used by airlines for commercial transport.
Apollo 11 Apollo 11 is a manned spacecraft of the Apollo series, during the flight of which on July 16-24, 1969, the inhabitants of the Earth for the first time in history landed on the surface of another celestial body, the Moon. On July 20, 1969, at 20:17:39 UTC, crew commander Neil Armstrong and pilot Edwin Aldrin landed the spacecraft's lunar module in the southwestern region of the Sea of Tranquility. They remained on the lunar surface for 21 hours, 36 minutes and 21 seconds.
Columbia Columbia is NASA's reusable transport spacecraft and the first Space Shuttle to fly into space. Construction of Columbia began in 1975 and on March 25, 1979, Columbia was commissioned by NASA. During the Columbia flight STS-9, a crew of 6 astronauts flew on board for the first time. Among these six astronauts was Ulf Merbold, the first foreigner on an American spacecraft.
RQ-4 Global Hawk RQ-4 Global Hawk is an American strategic reconnaissance UAV. The first flight took place on February 28, 1998 from the US Air Force base in California. The first Global Hawk was delivered to the US Navy in 2004 and began combat missions in March 2006. The device can patrol for 30 hours at an altitude of up to meters. Developed by the American company Teledyne Ryan Aeronauytical.
There are no barriers to human thought! What is human imagination capable of? What is human imagination capable of? In my work, I tried to highlight some milestones in the history of the development of aeronautics and aircraft construction, which, in my opinion, are the most significant.
Slide 2
Project goals:
Study the history of the development of aeronautics. Familiarize yourself with the areas of application of balloons. Find out the prospects for the development of aeronautics.
Slide 3
Aeronautics (aeronautics) - controlled or uncontrolled flights in the Earth's atmosphere on lighter-than-air aircraft (as opposed to aviation, which uses heavier-than-air aircraft).
Slide 4
The history of the development of aeronautics can safely begin with the myth of Icarus and Daedalus. Already in those ancient times, man was haunted by the idea of rising into the air, like a bird.
Slide 5
The Legend of Daedalus and Icarus.
One day, sitting by the sea, Daedalus looked up at the wide sky and thought: “...Birds cut the air with their wings and fly wherever they want. Is a man worse than a bird?
And he wanted to make himself wings to fly away. He began collecting feathers from large birds, skillfully tying them with strong linen threads and fastening them with wax. Soon he made four wings - two for himself and two for his son Icarus. The wings were attached crosswise to the chest and arms using a sling.
Early in the morning, father and son flew away from the island of Crete.
The day was heating up, the sun rose high, and its rays burned more and more.
Daedalus flew carefully, staying closer to the surface of the sea and timidly looked back at his son. But Icarus liked free flight, and he rose high up, towards the sun itself.
Under the hot rays, the wax that held the wings together melted, the feathers disintegrated and Icarus fell and disappeared into the depths of the sea.
In despair, Daedalus landed on the first island he encountered, broke his wings and cursed his art, which had destroyed his son.
But people remembered this first flight, and since then the dream of conquering the air, of spacious heavenly roads lived in their souls...
Slide 7
History of the development of aeronautics.
Following in the footsteps of mythical heroes, the first inventors of flying machines also equipped their creations with wings, but it took a very long time to unravel the great mystery of flight.
Slide 8
III century BC. - The kite was invented in China. I century AD - There is an opinion among some historians that the Peruvian Indians mastered the art of free flight. VI century AD - in the handwritten book of Ancient China, “The Comprehensive Mirror of History,” discovered by scientists, one can find evidence of human flight using a kite. 1271 - Italian traveler Marco Polo, during his trip to China, witnessed the amazing flights of a man tied to a huge kite.
Slide 9
There are tethered, free-flying and engine-powered balloons - airships. According to the type of filling, balloons are divided into: gas - charliers, thermal - hot air balloons, combined - rosieres.
Hydrogen and illuminating gas were previously widely used to fill charliers; but these gases are flammable, and their mixtures with air are explosive, which makes flying in a balloon filled with such gas a somewhat risky undertaking, so at present the main gas for charliers is inert helium. The main disadvantage of helium is its relatively high cost.
Daedalus flew carefully, staying closer to the surface of the sea and timidly looked back at his son. But Icarus liked free flight, and he rose high up, towards the sun itself.
Hot air balloons use heated air.
Slide 12
1709 - there is an assumption that the king of Portugal met with a certain Bartolomeudi Guzman, who, in the presence of the royal court, flew in a hot air balloon. 1731 - clerk Nerekhtets Furvim from Ryazan made one of the first flights into the sky, which fully complied with all the rules of aeronautics. 1783 - under the leadership of Professor Jacques Charles, the Robert brothers took to the air in a hydrogen balloon made of silk coated with raw rubber - rubber. 1794 - in France, two detachments of military aeronauts of the observation service were formed under the general command of J. Cuttel.
Slide 13
Balloons began to be used for scientific and military purposes. Russian chemist D.I. Mendeleev used a hot air balloon to observe a solar eclipse above the clouds. However, the balloon did not fly where the air travelers wanted, but where the wind carried it. Therefore, aeronauts were haunted by the idea of making the flight controllable.
Slide 14
Balloons are being replaced by derships.
The French inventor A. Giffard built a cigar-shaped balloon in 1852 - an airship with an air rudder and a propeller driven by a small steam engine. Airships, unfortunately, were bulky, clumsy and slow-moving. Therefore, they were replaced by other aircraft - airplanes and helicopters.
Slide 15
The use of balloons.
During World War II, balloons were widely used to protect cities, industrial areas, naval bases and other installations from air attack. The action of barrage balloons was designed to damage aircraft when they collided with cables, shells, or explosive charges suspended on cables. The presence of barrage balloons in the air defense system forced enemy aircraft to fly at high altitudes and made targeted dive bombing difficult.
Slide 17
The very first battles with the Germans showed that ground-based, visual and optical reconnaissance means cannot cover the entire depth of the enemy’s defense. This task was assigned to spotter aircraft and artillery observation balloons. The enemy's firing batteries could be observed from them at a distance of up to 20 km, and columns and trains - up to 25 km. Sometimes the crews of observation balloons (AN) were given the tasks of perspective photography of the area, checking the camouflage of their troops, and others. During the war, our army had nine aeronautical divisions with 3-4 detachments in each
Slide 18
Aeronautics in Russia
In Russia, aeronautics made great strides already in the 19th century. In addition to the military aeronautical detachment on Volkovo Pole, where every year flights were made and various new experiments were made, a new VII aeronautical department was formed at the Technical Society, which had many members. Russian aeronauts provided significant services to aeronautics, such as Kozlov, Rykachev, Kovanko and others. In the summer of 1890, balloons of the VII section were raised.
Slide 20
Balloons are used for transporting (skidding) timber. They are a cable suspension system supplemented with lifting force. Forest hauling by balloons minimizes the cost of road construction when developing forests on hard-to-reach slopes and mountain ridges. Skidding using balloons is most preferable on steep slopes with complex mountain terrain. It allows you to develop slopes with a convex and concave profile, skid the logs “uphill”, and create conditions for safe work. Lighting on trailed equipment allows you to work even in the dark. Since the balloon is located directly above the stack of logs, the undergrowth is preserved during the rise and the soil cover is not disturbed.
Slide 21
Communications is currently the most promising area of application. The balloon is capable of carrying radio transmitters operating in direct vision mode, as well as digital voice and data transmitters. They play a huge role in ensuring reliable communications in mountainous areas, northern territories, etc.
Slide 22
Scientific research - The balloon can lift to high altitudes various scientific equipment and instruments for environmental monitoring, geological and geophysical exploration, vegetation, land and water surface studies, radiological monitoring and many other scientific research purposes.
Slide 23
Surveillance - The balloon is able to increase the operating efficiency and range of modern portable radars, which allows the balloon complex to be successfully used for monitoring hilly terrain. The complex can also be equipped with a high-resolution camera in the visible and infrared ranges controlled from a ground point to use it as a powerful means of monitoring border areas with a large range (see table). It is also possible to use the balloon for early detection of forest fires, monitoring territorial waters, detecting poachers and smugglers, etc.
Slide 24
Aeronautics today.
Aeronautics today is a professional sport, an exciting spectacle, and a new form of entertainment. Colorful hot air balloon festivals, aeronautical fiestas and other sports and entertainment events take place all over the world, attracting millions of spectators.
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Many famous politicians, actors, musicians and businessmen today are interested in aeronautics. And this is quite understandable. A little thrill, a fair amount of physical activity and an incomparable feeling of flight - that’s what aeronautics is.
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Conclusions:
The history of the development of aeronautics contains a lot of interesting information. Balloons are widely used in various fields. Balloons have great prospects for their further use; they are environmentally friendly and can replace more harmful types of transport.
Slide 27
The future of aerostatic aircraft.
At the VIII International Investment Forum in Sochi and within the framework of the International Aerospace Salon (MAKS-2009), an agreement of intent was concluded to create in Ulyanovsk the production of an aerostatic aircraft (ATLA) in the form of a “flying saucer” on the basis of the Aviastar enterprise.
It is already known that a production base will be created in Ulyanovsk for the production of an experimental model, and then a line of heavy-duty devices (up to 600 tons).
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ATLA also allows you to transport block-modular structures from the assembly site to the site of direct installation, thereby significantly reducing the costs of any enterprise in the fuel and energy complex for transporting oversized gas chemical equipment to hard-to-reach regions of the country and its installation. The aircraft can be used as a universal transport system for transporting particularly complex, large or heavy cargo. The device is extremely necessary in emergency areas, including when extinguishing fires. It is possible to use external gondolas as equipped medical stations and operating units, passenger salons, salons with cabins (transport and tourist version), as well as suspensions for performing special functions - fire fighting, rescue operations in natural disaster zones, for the purposes of the defense complex, communications and etc. Therefore, the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations is considering the possibility of using such devices in case of emergencies and liquidation of the consequences of disasters.
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Literature:
http://www.novosti-kosmonavtiki “Heavenly worker.” - newspaper “Red Star” dated December 4, 2009
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The presentation on the topic “History of Aeronautics” can be downloaded absolutely free on our website. Project subject: Physics. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you engage your classmates or audience. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the corresponding text under the player. The presentation contains 29 slide(s).
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Presentation slides
Project on the topic: “Aeronautics”
Slide 1
Project goals:
Study the history of the development of aeronautics. Familiarize yourself with the areas of application of balloons. Find out the prospects for the development of aeronautics.
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Daedalus flew carefully, staying closer to the surface of the sea and timidly looked back at his son. But Icarus liked free flight, and he rose high up, towards the sun itself.
The history of the development of aeronautics can safely begin with the myth of Icarus and Daedalus. Already in those ancient times, man was haunted by the idea of rising into the air, like a bird.
Slide 4
The Legend of Daedalus and Icarus.
One day, sitting by the sea, Daedalus looked up at the wide sky and thought: “...Birds cut the air with their wings and fly wherever they want. Is a man worse than a bird? And he wanted to make himself wings to fly away. He began collecting feathers from large birds, skillfully tying them with strong linen threads and fastening them with wax. Soon he made four wings - two for himself and two for his son Icarus. The wings were attached crosswise to the chest and arms using a sling. And then the day came when Daedalus tried his wings, put them on and, smoothly waving his arms, rose above the ground. The wings kept him in the air, and he directed his flight in the direction he wanted.
Slide 5
Early in the morning, father and son flew away from the island of Crete. The day was heating up, the sun rose high, and its rays burned more and more. Daedalus flew carefully, staying closer to the surface of the sea and timidly looked back at his son. But Icarus liked free flight, and he rose high up, towards the sun itself. Under the hot rays, the wax that held the wings together melted, the feathers disintegrated and Icarus fell and disappeared into the depths of the sea. In despair, Daedalus landed on the first island he encountered, broke his wings and cursed his art, which had destroyed his son. But people remembered this first flight, and since then the dream of conquering the air, of spacious heavenly roads lived in their souls...
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III century BC. - The kite was invented in China. I century AD - There is an opinion among some historians that the Peruvian Indians mastered the art of free flight. VI century AD - in the handwritten book of Ancient China, “The Comprehensive Mirror of History,” discovered by scientists, one can find evidence of human flight using a kite. 1271 - Italian traveler Marco Polo, during his trip to China, witnessed the amazing flights of a man tied to a huge kite.
Slide 8
In June 1783, the French brothers Joseph and Etienne Montgolfier built a hot air balloon. They filled it with warm air, and put a rooster and a ram in a basket attached to it. The balloon rose into the sky and then landed safely. Having made sure that going into the air was not dangerous, people began to fly in balloons. The first such flight was made in November 1783 by the French Pilatre de Rosier and d'Arland. The balloon stayed in the air for 25 minutes. The era of aeronautics began. The first balloon flights were entertaining.
The first balloon.
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There are tethered, free-flying and engine-powered balloons - airships. According to the type of filling, balloons are divided into: gas - charliers, thermal - hot air balloons, combined - rosieres. Hydrogen and illuminating gas were previously widely used to fill charliers; but these gases are flammable, and their mixtures with air are explosive, which makes flying in a balloon filled with such gas a somewhat risky undertaking, so at present the main gas for charliers is inert helium. The main disadvantage of helium is its relatively high cost. Hot air balloons use heated air.
Slide 11
1709 - there is an assumption that the King of Portugal met with a certain Bartolomeu di Guzman, who, in the presence of the royal court, flew in a hot air balloon.
1731 - clerk Nerekhtets Furvim from Ryazan made one of the first flights into the sky, which fully complied with all the rules of aeronautics.
1783 - under the leadership of Professor Jacques Charles, the Robert brothers took to the air in a hydrogen balloon made of silk coated with raw rubber - rubber. 1794 - in France, two detachments of military aeronauts of the observation service were formed under the general command of J. Cuttel.
Slide 12
1709 - there is an assumption that the king of Portugal met with a certain Bartolomeudi Guzman, who, in the presence of the royal court, flew in a hot air balloon. 1731 - clerk Nerekhtets Furvim from Ryazan made one of the first flights into the sky, which fully complied with all the rules of aeronautics. 1783 - under the leadership of Professor Jacques Charles, the Robert brothers took to the air in a hydrogen balloon made of silk coated with raw rubber - rubber. 1794 - in France, two detachments of military aeronauts of the observation service were formed under the general command of J. Cuttel.
Slide 13
Balloons are being replaced by dereships.
The French inventor A. Giffard built a cigar-shaped balloon in 1852 - an airship with an air rudder and a propeller driven by a small steam engine. Airships, unfortunately, were bulky, clumsy and slow-moving. Therefore, they were replaced by other aircraft - airplanes and helicopters.
Slide 14
The French inventor A. Giffard built a cigar-shaped balloon in 1852 - an airship with an air rudder and a propeller driven by a small steam engine. Airships, unfortunately, were bulky, clumsy and slow-moving. Therefore, they were replaced by other aircraft - airplanes and helicopters.
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During World War II, balloons were widely used to protect cities, industrial areas, naval bases and other installations from air attack. The action of barrage balloons was designed to damage aircraft when they collided with cables, shells, or explosive charges suspended on cables. The presence of barrage balloons in the air defense system forced enemy aircraft to fly at high altitudes and made targeted dive bombing difficult.
Slide 16
The very first battles with the Germans showed that ground-based, visual and optical reconnaissance means cannot cover the entire depth of the enemy’s defense. This task was assigned to spotter aircraft and artillery observation balloons. The enemy's firing batteries could be observed from them at a distance of up to 20 km, and columns and trains - up to 25 km. Sometimes the crews of observation balloons (AN) were given the tasks of perspective photography of the area, checking the camouflage of their troops, and others. During the war, our army had nine aeronautical divisions with 3-4 detachments in each
Slide 17
Aeronautics in Russia
In Russia, aeronautics made great strides already in the 19th century. In addition to the military aeronautical detachment on Volkovo Pole, where every year flights were made and various new experiments were made, a new VII aeronautical department was formed at the Technical Society, which had many members. Russian aeronauts provided significant services to aeronautics, such as Kozlov, Rykachev, Kovanko and others. In the summer of 1890, balloons of the VII section were raised.
Slide 19
Balloons are used for transporting (skidding) timber. They are a cable suspension system supplemented with lifting force. Forest hauling by balloons minimizes the cost of road construction when developing forests on hard-to-reach slopes and mountain ridges. Skidding using balloons is most preferable on steep slopes with complex mountain terrain. It allows you to develop slopes with a convex and concave profile, skid the logs “uphill”, and create conditions for safe work. Lighting on trailed equipment allows you to work even in the dark. Since the balloon is located directly above the stack of logs, the undergrowth is preserved during the rise and the soil cover is not disturbed.
Slide 20
Communications is currently the most promising area of application. The balloon is capable of carrying radio transmitters operating in direct vision mode, as well as digital voice and data transmitters. They play a huge role in ensuring reliable communications in mountainous areas, northern territories, etc.
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Scientific research - The balloon can lift to high altitudes various scientific equipment and instruments for environmental monitoring, geological and geophysical exploration, vegetation, land and water surface studies, radiological monitoring and many other scientific research purposes.
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Surveillance - The balloon is able to increase the operating efficiency and range of modern portable radars, which allows the balloon complex to be successfully used for monitoring hilly terrain. The complex can also be equipped with a high-resolution camera in the visible and infrared ranges controlled from a ground point for use as a powerful means of monitoring border areas with a large range (see table). It is also possible to use the balloon for early detection of forest fires, monitoring territorial waters, detecting poachers and smugglers, etc.
Slide 23
Aeronautics today.
Aeronautics today is a professional sport, an exciting spectacle, and a new form of entertainment. Colorful hot air balloon festivals, aeronautical fiestas and other sports and entertainment events take place all over the world, attracting millions of spectators.
Slide 25
The history of the development of aeronautics contains a lot of interesting information. Balloons are widely used in various fields. Balloons have great prospects for their further use; they are environmentally friendly and can replace more harmful types of transport.
Slide 26
The future of aerostatic aircraft.
At the VIII International Investment Forum in Sochi and within the framework of the International Aerospace Salon (MAKS-2009), an agreement of intent was concluded to create in Ulyanovsk the production of an aerostatic aircraft (ATLA) in the form of a “flying saucer” on the basis of the Aviastar enterprise. It is already known that a production base will be created in Ulyanovsk for the production of an experimental model, and then a line of heavy-duty devices (up to 600 tons).
Slide 27
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